What describes a financial arrangement that typically allows payment over time through regular installments?

The correct choice refers to a financial arrangement known as an installment note. This type of agreement specifically allows a borrower to make a purchase or obtain a loan that is paid back over time through regular installments. Each installment typically consists of both principal and interest payments, making it a structured way to manage debt repayment.

In an installment note, the terms of the repayment plan, including the payment schedule and interest rate, are clearly defined. This makes it easier for individuals and businesses to plan their finances, as they can anticipate the cash flow requirements each period. This structure is particularly beneficial for larger purchases where paying the full amount upfront would be impractical.

In contrast, a lease agreement involves renting an asset without transferring ownership, a cash sale requires full payment immediately, and a factoring agreement involves selling receivables to a third party for immediate cash, rather than making payments over time. Thus, an installment note is distinctly characterized by its feature of installment-based payments, allowing for gradual payment over a specified period.