What does the indirect method for cash flows start with when adjusting for noncash items?

The indirect method for preparing the statement of cash flows begins with net income, as it reconciles this figure to net cash provided by operating activities. This approach focuses on adjusting net income for noncash items and changes in working capital accounts.

When using net income as the starting point, the next steps typically involve adding back noncash expenses, such as depreciation and amortization, which have been deducted when calculating net income but do not actually impact cash flow. Additionally, the method accounts for changes in accounts receivable, inventory, accounts payable, and other components of working capital that may affect cash flow without directly impacting net income. By starting with net income, the indirect method allows for a clear view of how operating activities influence the overall cash position of the business, making it a widely used approach in practice.