Which describes the legal status and characteristics of a corporation as stipulated in its formation?

The articles of incorporation are a fundamental document required to establish a corporation legally. This document is filed with the appropriate state authorities and serves several critical functions:

1. Legal Formation: The articles of incorporation officially create the corporation as a separate legal entity. This separation is crucial because it provides the corporation with its own legal identity distinct from its owners (shareholders). This means that the corporation can enter into contracts, sue or be sued, and own property in its own name.

2. Content Requirements: The articles typically include essential details such as the corporation's name, purpose, duration, registered agent, and information about its stock. This information defines how the corporation will operate and the extent of its business activities.

3. Protection of Limited Liability: By establishing a corporation through the articles of incorporation, shareholders benefit from limited liability protection. This means that personal assets of the shareholders are generally shielded from the corporation's debts and liabilities, promoting risk-taking and investment.

Other options, while important, do not serve the same foundational role as the articles of incorporation. Corporate contracts and shareholder agreements may govern relationships or specific arrangements among parties involved, and corporate bylaws outline the governance structure and operational procedures but do not establish the corporation itself.